Inappropriate Activation of TLR4/NF-κB is a Cause of Heart Failure

Significance: Heart failure, a disease with extremely high incidence, is closely associated inflammation and oxidative stress. The Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathway plays an important role in the occurrence development of heart failure. Recent advances: Previous studies have shown that TLR4/NF-κB causes failure by inducing stress inflammation; damaging endothelia; promoting fibrosis; myocardial hypertrophy, apoptosis, pyroptosis, autophagy. Critical issues: Understanding pathogenesis essential for treatment this disease. In review, we outline mechanisms underlying pathway-mediated discuss drugs alleviate regulating pathway. Future directions: During overactivation, interventions targeting specific antagonists may effectively thus providing basis new anti-heart drugs.